Thoughts on International Law

In the first edition of An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law published in 1922, Nathan Roscoe Pound, the Dean of Harvard Law School from 1916-1936 argued that the law is cyclical in nature, and the evolutionary process that law undergoes reflects a series of reactions and counter reactions by advocates of various jurisprudential theories. Dean Pound asserted that philosophical nature of the debates about the relative merits of the various theories resulted in a process of legal development that is dynamic in nature because, as newer theories develop the older theories attempt to counter them. The ability of older more established schools of thought to reply to the newer schools requires the older schools nullify and disavow outmoded conventions, customs, norms, practices, and traditions. Conversely, for a newer theory to achieve a degree of legitimacy it must abjure the practice of attempting to create a single uniform standard of law universally applicable without the need for exceptions over an indeterminate time Id: (Pound 1982, 1-4).

Internationally an example of the debates described by Dean Pound occurred between Edward Hallett Carr and Sir Hersch Lauterpacht on the relative merits of the Machiavellian realistic tradition, and the Grotian humanistic tradition. In his seminal work, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, Carr argued that law is a series of commands unencumbered by ethical considerations, see: (Carr 1946, 176) Carr’s view of the law recognizes sovereignty as an element of the authority by which, the state compels obedience to the laws of the state.

As a response to Carr’s realistic and positivist approach, Sir Hersch Lauterpacht advocated the Grotian view of international law rejecting outright Carr’s legal positivism see (Kwiecień 2011) and (Jeffery 2006).
Lauterpacht argued the inverse asserting that although legal questions are separate and distinct from ethical and moral questions, the three inextricably intertwined as they are renders it impossible to completely divorce, the law from ethics and morals that underpin it. The clearest and most concise statement of Lauterpacht’s humanistic approach to international law essay entitled “The Grotian Tradition in International Law,” which appeared in the British Year Book of International Law published in 1946. Concerning sovereignty Lauterpacht argued that the sovereignty of state derives not from the inherent power and authority of the state but from the law of nations and the natural law. On the law of nations, Lauterpacht maintained that the recognition of the law nations by individual states is by its nature a dualistic construction predicated on the will of the governments and in part on the consent of the citizens of the nation-state.

In the sixty-five years since the publication of “The Grotian Tradition in International Law,” the Lauterpachtian humanist view of international law has permitted humanism to assume a place as one of several viable theories of international law alongside Carr’s realistic positivism through its presentation in Judge Lauterpacht’s separate opinion in the Case of Certain Norwegian Loans. The International Court of Justice employed Judge Lauterpacht’s reasoning in the case concerning the military and paramilitary activities employed by United States against Nicaragua.
Given the cyclical nature of the law as demonstrated above, I would contend that over time a counter reaction develops, in which, the humanist perspective currently holding sway in international at present will give way to another theory. One descended from the twin theories of legal positivism and political realism who advocate positions similar to those norms adopted by Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart and Hans Joachim Morgenthau norms and standards, which, impart to the state primacy over the individual.

Put simply the near constant state of fluctuation present within international law imparts a greater degree of fluidity and flexibility within international law than is present within municipal law. This flexibility allows the various schools of thought to achieve a greater degree of ascendancy over other theories in a shorter time. For example, the immediate aftermath of the Second World War ushered in a period in which the strict realistic legal positivism advocated by Lord McNair and Hans Kelsen dominated international law. By the 1960's Lauterpacht's neo-naturalistic humanist view of international began to supplant the strict realistic positivism advocated by the Kelsenians. Lauterpachtian Humanism reached its apogee in the mid 1980's, and in the following decades, several realistic theories of international law have been the process of formulating a cohesive response. It is believed, that this response will ultimately supplant Lauterpachtian Humanism as the dominant theory of international law.

Regardless of the theory in ascendancy, there are elements common to all theories that are immutable. For example, all theories of international law accept to varying degrees, the universality principle. The universality principle, all states are granted the right to adjudicate matters involving crimes under international law either within the international judicial system or the national judicial system of the various nation states, piracy, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace as defined within the sources of international public law.

In short, I view international law as being similar to Chinese concept of yīnyáng, or the Korean variant Um-yang as symbolized by the Taijitu of Chinese Daoism and the Taegeuk of Korean Daoism in the sense that international law consists of opposing forces that complement each other.

Works Cited
Carr, Edward Hallett. The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. Second Edition. Vol. One. 1 vols. London, England: Macmillan, 1946.
Case of Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits Judgment of June 28, 1986, p. 14. General List No. 70 (International Court of Justice, The Hague June 28, 1986).
Case of Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway) Judgment of July 6, 1957. General List No. 29 (International Court of Justice, The Hague July 6, 1957).
Case of Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway) Judgment of July 6, 1957, Separate Opinion of Judge Sir Hersch Lauterpacht. General List No. 29 (International Court of Justice, The Hague July 6, 1957).
Jeffery, Renée. "Hersch Lauterpacht, the Realist Challenge and the 'Grotian Tradition' in 20th-Century International Relations." European Journal of International Relations (Sage) 12, no. 2 (June 2006): 223-252.
Kwiecień, Roman. "Sir Hersch Lauterpacht's Idea of State Sovereignty - Is It Still Alive?" International Community Law Review (Nijhoff) 13, no. 1/2 (January 2011): 23-41.
Lauterpacht, Hersch. "The Grotian Tradition in International Law." British Year Book of International Law: 1946 (Oxford University Press ) 23 (1946): 1-53.
Pound, Nathan Roscoe. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Law. Third Edition. Vol. 1. One vols. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982.

Development

While the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have drained American
resources, the unrest in the Middle East might herald the beginning of
a transformative period, one in which semiperipheral nations either
replace the existing core states or increase their number by becoming
core states themselves.

History demonstrates that global conflicts often prefigure the
evolution of the international system. The failure of the Concert of
Europe resulted in the First World War, which in turn culminated in
the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. The fundamental
flaws within the peace treaty rendered the League of Nations impotent
in the face of the rising tide of fascism during the 1930s that
inspired the horrors of the Second World War.

From the devastation of World War II arose the United Nations with the
Bretton Woods monetary system. The resistance toward concerted efforts
at restructuring both the UN Security Council and the global economic
consensus and trade regime as sustained by the International Monetary
Fund and the World Trade Organization serves as a concrete
representation of the latent conflict between the "global north" and
the "global south." Within the Security Council in particular, the
"permanent five" aim to maintain the status quo in order to prolong
their ability to assert and implement their interests, possibly at the
expense of developing nations.

The "world system" however, as it was described by sociologist
Immanuel Wallerstein (1930), may not be static but dynamic instead to
the extent that the classification of various states as core,
peripheral or semiperipheral can evolve over time. Modern day examples
include Brazil, India and South Africa which are rising to the status
of core power. China, it may well be argued, has already achieved that
status.

Economist Ricardo Hausmann (2001), argued that the sustainable
development of the peripheral states of the “global south” is dependent upon their ability to overcome the natural barriers imposed by their geography.
If Hausmann is correct then the continued growth of the “global south” requires the
investment and involvement of the developed nations in the “global north”

A Summation of my Philosophical Outlook

My perceptions about the multitudinous sides to arguments are informed by my collegiate experiences, as an undergraduate I attended the University of Saint Thomas a Catholic university in Houston, Texas founded in 1,947 by the Congregation of Saint Basil (The Basilian Fathers). The core curriculum of the University mandates that all undergraduate students including transfer students complete a given number of theology and philosophy course prior to graduation. The manner of instruction on the philosophy courses offered by the University is consistent with the Thomistic foundation on which the University rests.

Thomism, the philosophy espoused by Thomas Aquinas maintains that faith and reason are neither mutually exclusive nor are they irreconcilable. Aquinas argued that God endowed humankind with a rational mind and a spiritual conscience, which, permits humankind to exercise freedom of choice. The effect Thomism has had on my perceptions as it relates to my understanding of the multiplicity of arguments available can be seen though my application of the Principle of Double Effect to given scenarios. I generally attempt to maintain positions that do not vitiate the Principle of Double Effect, although, I concede I am not able to always do so.

The Principle of Double Effect states that an act is moral if it meets four prerequisites, a morally acceptable act requires the fulfillment of the following conditions: One, the act must be either morally good or indifferent. Two, the good effect must not be achieved by means of the evil effect. Three, the proper intention exists when the intent underlying the act is the achievement of the good effect, with the evil effect construed as a tolerable unintended side effect. Last, the good effect and the evil effect must be proportionate to each other.

My ethics professor Dr. M. Jean Kitchel, always encouraged her students to see all the sides of an issue by drilling the following Latin epigram into the heads of her students: Cave ab homine unius libri roughly translated it means ‘beware the man who has only one book.’